Reformation, Catholic renewal and religious wars

Reformation, Catholic renewal and religious wars
- In the XVI. century, the Catholic Church resorted to a great moral crisis: were sold
pardon of sin and church position (indulgence and simony), high priests
Lived "the high life", the Pope had a huge temporal power and acted like
secular rulers, while the printing press, social change and humanistic ideas
favored appears critic who demanded reform
- German monk Martin Luther was sufficiently assertive in demanding reforms (95
vitenberških thesis, 1518) to exclude from the Pope of the Catholic Church and to win over many
German princes - so was the Protestant Church in Germany (Simplified
ceremonies, the national language in bogosluţju, priestly vocation becomes profession and church
a community of members, the emphasis is on God's grace, a baptism and communion
only the sacraments)
- King Henry VIII. for personal and political reasons, decided to take advantage of this situation
to create their own, national church - the Anglican Church
- Western European citizenship tends saving and modest life followed the
reformer John Calvin and adopted the doctrine of predestination and honor and
consistently performing mundane tasks - Calvinists and Puritans
- There are also supporters of baptism and other smaller sects (sect), which attracted social
Messages about "the kingdom of God on earth"
- The Catholic Church had to accept the inner renewal and strengthen their own ranks against
such apostasy, that he did Pope Gregory XIII. and his successors to
Council of Trent (1545-63), established the official church dogma and rules, seven
the sacraments and the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope, was abolished trade indulgence and
introduced an improved calendar (Gregorian)
- Ignacio Loyola founded within the Catholic Church a new religious order - Societas Jesu
(Jesuits or the Jesuits), dedicated to spreading the Catholic Education, and the Counter-Reformation
missionary work among the unbaptized natives around the world
- All this was accompanied by wars between rulers of different faiths and
the persecution of other religion: Calvinist part of the Netherlands seceded from the Spanish crown,
English rulers persecuted Catholics and Puritans, in France, in several waves
persecution almost exterminated Huguenots (Calvinists), final religious peace in Germany
performed only after the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), in which the population
Germany almost halved
- Loyal to the Catholic Church remained Spain, Italy, France, the Hapsburg possessions in
Germany and Central Europe, Poland, Ireland, Latin America, and there are also some Catholic
minorities in Protestant countries
- Luther evangelism is rooted in northern Germany and Scandinavia
- Calvinism, in its original form or Presbyterian, has held in Switzerland,
The Netherlands and Scotland, and in some places in Hungary and Poland

Great geographical discoveries

Great geographical discoveries
- Europeans are discovering maritime routes to East Asia and the Americas
- Encourage them to jam in the trade of spices and luxury goods, after TurciOsmanlije
achieve control of the Middle East, and enable them to adopt new
maritime skills (caravel, compass, cartography) and discover old geographical
Knowledge (Ptolemy)
- The Portuguese until the end of the XV. century managed to explore the coast of Africa (Diago Cao,
Bartolomeo Dias) and discover the sea route to India (Vasco da Gama, 1498), along the African
coast, in India, Malaysia, and later in Brazil established a foothold through which
sourcing spices, gold and slaves (mostly Africans)
- Spain crown funded the voyages of Christopher Columbus 1492-1500. However,
during which they explored the Caribbean Islands and discovered the New World, that is. America, Spanish
will XVI. Century launch military conquest of Central and South America and create large
overseas empire in Europe will reach new crops and huge quantities
precious metals
- France, England and the newly created state of the Netherlands will be included in the colonial
race later, but it will fail to compensate, while the Spanish and Portuguese spend new
wealth, these three nations conducted a "capital accumulation" and create your own empire in
North America and Southeast Asia
- Consequences: Europeanization of the world, the development and the increasing importance of trade at the expense of the Atlantic
Mediterranean and the Baltic, the development of market relations in Western Europe, new agricultural
Culture (potatoes, corn, beans, tomatoes, cocoa, tobacco, cotton ...)

Great geographical explorations

Great geographical explorations
XV. and XVI. st. maritime development - development of the compass, maps (Ptolemaic maps, Portolano)
ship (caravel)
Boost geographical discoveries: soliciting maritime times from Europe to India and China (mainland is under way the control of the Ottoman Turks)
Spain (Castilla) and Portugal - Atlantic orientation, sturdy structure of the state, will be developed into a leading naval force
PORTUGAL RESEARCH - ideas oplovljivanja Africa
beginning XV. st. Henry the Navigator - Research African coast
1487 Bartolomeo Diaz - Cape of Good Hope
1498 Vasco da Gama - circumnavigated Africa and reached India
1500. Cabral discovered Brazil
Portuguese empire - strongholds along the coast, worm. Sea (Aden), Perz. Bay (Ormuz), India (Goa),
China (Macau), Ceylon, the Moluccas, Brazil
SPAIN RESEARCH - Columbus idea Westway
In 1492 the first expedition of Christopher Columbus - reveals Cuba and Haiti (Hispaniola)
1493 - 1500 three expeditions to the New World - researched Caribbean pool
1494 agreement in Tordesillas - segregation port. and sleep. land
Amerigo Vespucci, Martin Waldseemüler
N. Vasco de Balboa - reveals Isthmus of Panama and South (Pacific) Ocean
1519 - 22. Fernando Magellan expedition - proof that the Earth is round
Spanish empire - from 1511 conquest and colonization of Central and South America
Spain - the leading force XVI. st.
Hernan Cortés conquers Mexico, Francisco Pizarro Peru
France, the Netherlands and Britain are included in the colonial race - exploration of North America,
Pacific and Far East
Francis Drake - 1577-80. second trip around the world
James Cook - 70-year XVIII. st - explores Pacific, Australia and Antarctica
CONSEQUENCES OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES:
The first time of European expansion and colonial empires - the expansion of the European population, language,
culture and Christianity on the other continents
2nd Atlantic Ocean - a new center of world trade - the deterioration of Mediterranean cities and Hanze
3. "price revolution"
4. Developing manufactures, banking and capitalism (new market - higher demand for craft.
products)
5. New crops: corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumber, cocoa, cotton, tobacco,
turkey ...

Reformation and Catholic renewal

Reformation and Catholic renewal
XVI. st. moral crisis of the Catholic Church - loss of credibility
- Abuse of position and lavish life prelates
- indulgence
- The secular power of the Pope
- The impact of humanism and social change
- Demands for reforms within the Church
Reformation in Germany - Martin Luther
1517 Wittenberg, 95 Theses → pope excommunicated Luther → beginning of the Reformation in Germany
Luther's translation of the Bible into German
supporters of the Reformation (Protestant), there are among all social classes
Evangelical (Lutheran) Church: The Bible is the only source of faith, bogosluţje in the national language, the church a community of members, ideals of simplicity and humility, priestly vocation as a profession, baptism and communion only sacraments, the emphasis on God's grace
Northern Germany, Scandinavia, the Baltics
1524-25. Germany Peasants' War, Thomas Münzer
1555 Peace of Augsburg, "whose country, and his religion"
Calvinism: John Calvin - learning about predestination - attractive citizenship - the Geneva College
- Switzerland, Netherlands, Scotland, France (Calvinist minorities - Huguenots)
Church of England: Henry VIII. - Head of the church in England
Protestantism in Croatia: weak echo of the wars with the Turks
Matthias Flacius
Presbyterian Church - Puritans
Catholic renewal - Counter-Reformation and reform within the Catholic Church
1545-63. Council of Trent: established official church dogma and rules, seven sacraments, the abolition indulgences, the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope
Gregorian Calendar
Jesuit order (Jesuits), founded by them in 1534, Ignacio Loyola - military discipline
goals: education, missionary work, the Counter-Reformation