Reformation, Catholic renewal and religious wars

Reformation, Catholic renewal and religious wars
- In the XVI. century, the Catholic Church resorted to a great moral crisis: were sold
pardon of sin and church position (indulgence and simony), high priests
Lived "the high life", the Pope had a huge temporal power and acted like
secular rulers, while the printing press, social change and humanistic ideas
favored appears critic who demanded reform
- German monk Martin Luther was sufficiently assertive in demanding reforms (95
vitenberških thesis, 1518) to exclude from the Pope of the Catholic Church and to win over many
German princes - so was the Protestant Church in Germany (Simplified
ceremonies, the national language in bogosluţju, priestly vocation becomes profession and church
a community of members, the emphasis is on God's grace, a baptism and communion
only the sacraments)
- King Henry VIII. for personal and political reasons, decided to take advantage of this situation
to create their own, national church - the Anglican Church
- Western European citizenship tends saving and modest life followed the
reformer John Calvin and adopted the doctrine of predestination and honor and
consistently performing mundane tasks - Calvinists and Puritans
- There are also supporters of baptism and other smaller sects (sect), which attracted social
Messages about "the kingdom of God on earth"
- The Catholic Church had to accept the inner renewal and strengthen their own ranks against
such apostasy, that he did Pope Gregory XIII. and his successors to
Council of Trent (1545-63), established the official church dogma and rules, seven
the sacraments and the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope, was abolished trade indulgence and
introduced an improved calendar (Gregorian)
- Ignacio Loyola founded within the Catholic Church a new religious order - Societas Jesu
(Jesuits or the Jesuits), dedicated to spreading the Catholic Education, and the Counter-Reformation
missionary work among the unbaptized natives around the world
- All this was accompanied by wars between rulers of different faiths and
the persecution of other religion: Calvinist part of the Netherlands seceded from the Spanish crown,
English rulers persecuted Catholics and Puritans, in France, in several waves
persecution almost exterminated Huguenots (Calvinists), final religious peace in Germany
performed only after the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), in which the population
Germany almost halved
- Loyal to the Catholic Church remained Spain, Italy, France, the Hapsburg possessions in
Germany and Central Europe, Poland, Ireland, Latin America, and there are also some Catholic
minorities in Protestant countries
- Luther evangelism is rooted in northern Germany and Scandinavia
- Calvinism, in its original form or Presbyterian, has held in Switzerland,
The Netherlands and Scotland, and in some places in Hungary and Poland

Great geographical discoveries

Great geographical discoveries
- Europeans are discovering maritime routes to East Asia and the Americas
- Encourage them to jam in the trade of spices and luxury goods, after TurciOsmanlije
achieve control of the Middle East, and enable them to adopt new
maritime skills (caravel, compass, cartography) and discover old geographical
Knowledge (Ptolemy)
- The Portuguese until the end of the XV. century managed to explore the coast of Africa (Diago Cao,
Bartolomeo Dias) and discover the sea route to India (Vasco da Gama, 1498), along the African
coast, in India, Malaysia, and later in Brazil established a foothold through which
sourcing spices, gold and slaves (mostly Africans)
- Spain crown funded the voyages of Christopher Columbus 1492-1500. However,
during which they explored the Caribbean Islands and discovered the New World, that is. America, Spanish
will XVI. Century launch military conquest of Central and South America and create large
overseas empire in Europe will reach new crops and huge quantities
precious metals
- France, England and the newly created state of the Netherlands will be included in the colonial
race later, but it will fail to compensate, while the Spanish and Portuguese spend new
wealth, these three nations conducted a "capital accumulation" and create your own empire in
North America and Southeast Asia
- Consequences: Europeanization of the world, the development and the increasing importance of trade at the expense of the Atlantic
Mediterranean and the Baltic, the development of market relations in Western Europe, new agricultural
Culture (potatoes, corn, beans, tomatoes, cocoa, tobacco, cotton ...)

Great geographical explorations

Great geographical explorations
XV. and XVI. st. maritime development - development of the compass, maps (Ptolemaic maps, Portolano)
ship (caravel)
Boost geographical discoveries: soliciting maritime times from Europe to India and China (mainland is under way the control of the Ottoman Turks)
Spain (Castilla) and Portugal - Atlantic orientation, sturdy structure of the state, will be developed into a leading naval force
PORTUGAL RESEARCH - ideas oplovljivanja Africa
beginning XV. st. Henry the Navigator - Research African coast
1487 Bartolomeo Diaz - Cape of Good Hope
1498 Vasco da Gama - circumnavigated Africa and reached India
1500. Cabral discovered Brazil
Portuguese empire - strongholds along the coast, worm. Sea (Aden), Perz. Bay (Ormuz), India (Goa),
China (Macau), Ceylon, the Moluccas, Brazil
SPAIN RESEARCH - Columbus idea Westway
In 1492 the first expedition of Christopher Columbus - reveals Cuba and Haiti (Hispaniola)
1493 - 1500 three expeditions to the New World - researched Caribbean pool
1494 agreement in Tordesillas - segregation port. and sleep. land
Amerigo Vespucci, Martin Waldseemüler
N. Vasco de Balboa - reveals Isthmus of Panama and South (Pacific) Ocean
1519 - 22. Fernando Magellan expedition - proof that the Earth is round
Spanish empire - from 1511 conquest and colonization of Central and South America
Spain - the leading force XVI. st.
Hernan Cortés conquers Mexico, Francisco Pizarro Peru
France, the Netherlands and Britain are included in the colonial race - exploration of North America,
Pacific and Far East
Francis Drake - 1577-80. second trip around the world
James Cook - 70-year XVIII. st - explores Pacific, Australia and Antarctica
CONSEQUENCES OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES:
The first time of European expansion and colonial empires - the expansion of the European population, language,
culture and Christianity on the other continents
2nd Atlantic Ocean - a new center of world trade - the deterioration of Mediterranean cities and Hanze
3. "price revolution"
4. Developing manufactures, banking and capitalism (new market - higher demand for craft.
products)
5. New crops: corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumber, cocoa, cotton, tobacco,
turkey ...

Reformation and Catholic renewal

Reformation and Catholic renewal
XVI. st. moral crisis of the Catholic Church - loss of credibility
- Abuse of position and lavish life prelates
- indulgence
- The secular power of the Pope
- The impact of humanism and social change
- Demands for reforms within the Church
Reformation in Germany - Martin Luther
1517 Wittenberg, 95 Theses → pope excommunicated Luther → beginning of the Reformation in Germany
Luther's translation of the Bible into German
supporters of the Reformation (Protestant), there are among all social classes
Evangelical (Lutheran) Church: The Bible is the only source of faith, bogosluţje in the national language, the church a community of members, ideals of simplicity and humility, priestly vocation as a profession, baptism and communion only sacraments, the emphasis on God's grace
Northern Germany, Scandinavia, the Baltics
1524-25. Germany Peasants' War, Thomas Münzer
1555 Peace of Augsburg, "whose country, and his religion"
Calvinism: John Calvin - learning about predestination - attractive citizenship - the Geneva College
- Switzerland, Netherlands, Scotland, France (Calvinist minorities - Huguenots)
Church of England: Henry VIII. - Head of the church in England
Protestantism in Croatia: weak echo of the wars with the Turks
Matthias Flacius
Presbyterian Church - Puritans
Catholic renewal - Counter-Reformation and reform within the Catholic Church
1545-63. Council of Trent: established official church dogma and rules, seven sacraments, the abolition indulgences, the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope
Gregorian Calendar
Jesuit order (Jesuits), founded by them in 1534, Ignacio Loyola - military discipline
goals: education, missionary work, the Counter-Reformation

MEDIEVAL DUBROVNIK

MEDIEVAL DUBROVNIK
 The emergence of the city in the 7th century by refugees from the destroyed Epidaurus established a settlement
Ragusinum on a nearby islet, in their neighborhood, on the banks of Croat-Slavs founded
a village Dubrava, these two settlements will gradually become a city, land and small islands are connected
at the end of the 11th century (in place of the embankment today is Stradun)
Economy: due to lack of fertile land, the population is beginning oriented
maritime and trade, in regretting bought ore and livestock, and from overseas luxury
goods, produced the salt, which was in charge, and until the 15th century. Dubrovnik is traded and
slaves, Dubrovnik navy mentioned in the 12th century
The structure of the state:

- Communitas Ragusina (Commune of Dubrovnik) is until the 13th century. formally ruled Byzantium, however the real power with local dignitaries and local prince
- In the 13th and 14th centuries. Dubrovnik acknowledged the supremacy of the Venetians, which somewhat narrows Government and ask his Prince of Dubrovnik
- Since 1358, ie. of the Peace of Zadar, commune under the supreme authority of the Hungarian-Croatian
kings, which allows Dubrovnik independent development and meet only
annual tribute
- Since 1441. Dubrovnik is called a republic, it is an independent city republics, which will
redeemed own freedom by making the XVI. st. the Ottomans and the Habsburgs
to pay tribute to them alone
- Authorities - Great Council (legislature), the Small Council (executive), the Council
Senate (confirming the decision and has the highest authority), prince (elected for a month)
- Of Dubrovnik in the 14th and 15th centuries. bought the surrounding territory, from the isthmus to the Bay, including the Peninsula and the islands of Lastovo and Mljet

 Had developed diplomacy and established a good cooperation with the rulers of Bosnia,
Serbia and later the Ottoman Empire, they had a trading colony across the Balkans, to Bulgaria Culture - developed activity Dominicans and Franciscans, the library and the monastery school, descendants richer layers are educated in different European universities, in the 15th century. city got plumbing (Onofrio de la Cava), the building already earthquake 1667, mainly not preserved, Orlando's Column (erected in times Ţigmunda Luxembourg)

MEDIEVAL BOSNIA

MEDIEVAL BOSNIA
Country Bosnia was first mentioned in the tenth century, sparsely populated and relatively isolated mountainous country along the upper course of the eponymous river (today's Central Bosnia), tribal relations and paganism have long lingered.
XII. century - Bosnia accepts the supremacy of the Hungarian kings, are installed as
governors domestic bans

- The end of the XI. century established the Catholic Diocese of Dalmatia penetrate Qatari influence, bogosluţje is the national language, at the time of Ban Kulin Bosnia will get their own state church, which is independent and of Rome and of Constantinople - Christians
Kulin (1180-1204) - expanded the boundaries of Bosnia, the government as a de facto independent ruler,
a commercial agreement with Dubrovnik ban Matej Ninoslav (1233-1250) - completely independent of Hungary

Bosnian Church - takes elements of the dualistic view, but is not opposed to secular power, at the head of the Church is the prelate who is called "grandfather", senior clergy called the "guests", nor "old men", in XIV. century the influence of the Bosnian Church gives way to the Roman Catholic Church, Dynasty Kotromanić-Tvrtković will be of the Catholic faith
End XIII. century - Subic authorities over Bosnia, Ban Mladen And, brother Paul Subic, was killed in 1304. However, Mladen II. (Paul's son) left to the local authorities dynasty Kotromanić
Kotromanics: Stephen I (1312-22), Stephen II. (1322-1353)
Tvrtko I (Ban 1353-1377, king from 1377 to 1391) - used the chaos in Serbia to expand its authority
to the east and southeast, won Hum (mean Herzegovina), Travuniju (east
Herzegovina) and Raska (Sandzak), proclaimed himself king "of Bosnia and Serbs", at the time of protudvorskog movement in Croatia and Hungary, the company occupies the Dalmatian islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula and Vis, and added the title of "King of Croatian, Dalmatia and Primorje" after his death because of the bad state of feudal anarchy

The most important nobles: Hrvoje Vukčić, Duke with holdings in western Bosnia and
Croatia, Prince Sandalj Hranić, aristocrat in today Herzegovina, Paul Radinovic,
Eastern Bosnia (the Bosnian king power was reduced to its original territory in central Bosnia)
Hikes Ţigmunda Luxembourg (1394, 1405, 1409, 1415) in Bosnia: the death of number
Bosnian nobility and pogroms "Patara"
Turkish conquest: the Ottomans begins to interfere in Bosnia's opportunities after the death of King and Company, by helping some nobles (eg. Duke Hrvoje), 1463. "Bosnia fall in a whisper"
-Turci Without much resistance occupy the royal stronghold of Bobovac, Sutjeska and key, the last king Stjepan Tomasevic was executed
Herzegovina: Duke Stephen continued to rule their lands and after the Turkish conquest of central Bosnia, his state is starting to be known as Herzegovina, the Turks will take only 1482 years.

Culture:
- And the Catholic and the Orthodox Church (Serbian) will try to baptize Bosnian Christians,
the latter with less success
- In the XIV. century in Bosnia come mendicants - Franciscans and Dominicans
- The most common letter is Bosančić - Bosnian version of the Cyrillic alphabet, is used and the Latin language of the letter, and in Hum and the Glagolitic
- Construction is stylistically close to the Dalmatian, are preserved parts of the churches that were built
Dalmatian masters
- The most important cities in Kraljeva Sutjeska, Bobovac, Egg, key
- Tombstones: tombstones of medieval Bosnia and southern Dalmatia, decorated
reliefs, long thought to have belonged to the Bosnian Christians, however, such
Monuments are you asking rich cattleman, regardless of religion (Patarenism, Catholic
or Orthodox)

CULTURE OF LATE MIDDLE AGES

CULTURE OF LATE MIDDLE AGES
The development of culture in the High Middle Ages, followed by social development. Crucial is the rise citizenship.
education
- Be provided for priests, lower education is learning the basics of Latin
language, reading and writing and basic mathematical operations, followed by trivium
(Grammar, rhetoric and dialectic) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music and
Astronomy), few who would be passed could have to study theology, philosophy and
Roman law
- XII. Century established and secular schools in the cities, where as traders learn
read, write and count
- Universities: there is a need for institutions of higher education to be used
to study theology, jurisprudence and medicine, the first university was founded in 1088. in
Bologna, in the XII. century founded the University of Paris and Oxford, and to XIV. century
Universities are getting all the more important European cities, education is everywhere was in Latin
- Scholasticism: medieval philosophy tasked interpretation of Plato and
Aristotle's works in the Christian spirit, reaches climax in XIII. century in the works
Thomas Aquinas
- Natural Sciences: could not be free to develop until the age of humanism and
Renaissance because the Church defended the methods of observation and experiment, all medieval
Science is based on the study and interpretation of authority (works of Hellenistic
scientists like Ptolemy and Galen and the Church Fathers, like St.. Augustine), the first
publicly stated a request for conducting experimental methods Roger Bacon, English
Franciscan from XII. century
Romanesque: artistic style XI. and XII. century, modeled on the ancient and Carolingian
art, spread from France to the whole of Europe, massive stone graĊevine thick
walls and pillars and small arched windows, decorative sculpture and painting, except
Christ and the saints, starting with the run and portraits of rulers
Gothic: the artistic style of the end of December. century to the XV. century, called the "Gothic style"
of his contemporaries who looked barbaric, gradually extending from the vicinity of Paris, on the whole Europe, High graĊevine, particularly the cathedral, with many statues, pillars, stained glass, rose and many narrow windows with pointed arches, except religious graĊevina, all over the city
palaces, the emergence of perspective in painting
Medieval Literature from XI. st. begins to write and about mundane topics, and not
only in Latin but also in national languages, troubadour poetry (produced in Provence,
motives platonic love and chivalry), epics (poem): The Song of Roland, the Song of El
Cidu novel: long epic of knights ventures, popular characters from legends
like King Arthur, Tristan and Isolde, Lancelot, Parsifal and heroes of the Trojan War and
Alexander the Great transferred in late medieval ambience, liturgical drama
Humanism: the worldview and cultural movement whose starting point is the Italian city culture
XIV. century, the central theme is man and his position in the world, the model of the ancient writers,
big three humanism - Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, question the old values,
humanists XVI. st. Erasmus, Thomas More, Paracelsus
Renaissance: Art XV style. and XVI. century, called "revival" is meant the restoration
antiquity, the origin is also Italy, characteristics of style are simplicity, harmony and presentation
ideal beauty, Michelangelo, Donatello, Titian, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci
Printing: the key invention of the epoch, Gutenberg invented the mid XV. st. printing machine with
movable letters, books will become cheaper and more accessible

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire
- Becomes a superpower of the Balkans and the Middle East in the time of Mehmed II. Conqueror (1451-1481)
who moved the capital from Istanbul and continued conquest of the Balkans (remains
Serbia and Greece, Bosnia, Albania)
- At the height of its power in the XVI. century, Sultan Selim took the 1517 title Caliph (supreme
religious and secular ruler of the Islamic world), having won the Middle East

- Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566), the Turks called him and Sulejman legislator for a number of reforms, he arranged and centralized management in a vast empire that stretched from Baghdad to Buda, won the Slavonia and much of Hungary and started to march toward Vienna on he died
- State: theocratic empire - the Caliphate, the Sultan has absolute secular and religious authority,
The position of the administration and the army is based on a merit and not hereditary, subjects
non-Islamic religions are tolerated, or pay a higher tax rate (tribute)

- Administrative divisions: Eyalet (later pašaluk, country or larger region governor called
beylerbey or grazing) - Sanjak (province, governor called sandţakbeg) - kadiluk
(Manager - kadi, judge) - nahija (municipality)
- The organization of society, all the earth in theory belongs to the Sultan, landowners, sultan soldiers receive as a prize piece of land to lifelong enjoyment of (landed estates, timar), Timar is not allowed to transfer the inheritance, but returns to the Sultan that he be granted any Spahija or clerk , the country processed paradise, peasants bound to the land, rural property, čitluk is hereditary and obligations of peasants against the Sultan and landowners are clearly defined by law, the position was then rather favorable position of the European serfs, converts to Islam have the opportunity to progress in state services

- Army: Janissaries - the elite determined by pedestrians, professional soldiers, money to "tax in blood", landowners - horsemen, the core of the Ottoman army composed of petty feudal lords,
additional ordered, akindţije (storm troopers) and martolosi (crew fortifications and border guards)

Ottoman Empire and the Balkan

Ottoman Turks
Turks are originally nomadic tribes of Central Asia, often go to the Middle East in search of
pastures or as soldiers-mercenaries, I convert to Islam, in the XI. st. established Empire
Seldţuka and quickly assimilate the Turks who remained in the homeland entering into alliance with
Mongols, Turks from Asia Minor founded several independent bejluka (Principality)
- Osman Bey (1281-1326), thanks to the weakness of Byzantium and other bejluka, uniting Turks in
Asia Minor and establishes a dynasty - Ottomans
- His successor, Orhan (1326-1359) declared the Sultan, with a capital of Ankara

- Sultan Murad recognizes the weakness of Byzantium and other Balkan states, while moving to conquer
South-East Europe, in 1361 occupies Hadrianopol in Thrace, Macedonia, and in 1371 wins Bulgaria after the defeat of Serbian and Bulgarian nobles in the Maritsa, 1389 at the Battle of Kosovo
field it is difficult to Porat army of Serbian Prince Lazar and his allies from Bosnia and Croatian, but the Turks have had large losses, and retreated, in Kosovo were killed and prince Lazar and Sultan Murad
Byzantium: palaiologos returned to Constantinople by Crusaders and the renewed Empire (1261), Byzantium in
Late Middle Ages covers only parts of Greece and Asia Minor, it is the state that controls straits, Turks will do XV. st. win almost everything except Constantinople and the last Byzantine emperors will pay tribute to the Turks for their lives, Constantinople fell in 1453 year.

Bulgaria: The Bulgarian Empire was restored in XIII. st. thanks Crusade capturing
Istanbul Government dynasty Asena, the XIV. st. Bulgaria's government feudal anarchy, so it will be easy prey to the Turks, crucial battle on the river Marica in 1371.
Serbia: Nemanja dynasty of Serbia XIII. st. suddenly stronger, establishes its own
autocephalous church and spread to Macedonia and parts of Greece, the peak power of Dusan the Mighty mid XIV. st. who took the title of Emperor Dusan's empire falls apart in feudal anarchy,
most of the Serbian Turks captured after the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Danube has been established Serbian despot as a vassal state of the Hungarian king Ţigmunda Luxembourg (despots
Stefan Lazarevic and Brankovic ĐuraĊ), Sultan Mehmed II. Conqueror will liquidate despotate
winning Smederevo 1459

Czech Republic, Holy Roman Empire and the rise of the Habsburgs

Czech Republic, Holy Roman Empire and the rise of the Habsburgs
- Have adopted the custom to svetorimskog emperor elected chiefs-menus (the most important nobles and Bishops in Germany), they replied that the imperial power is low, so it is crucial to
choice of rulers, from XIII. st. Empire is a loose federation of independent German drţavica
- XII. century, the Czech was a vassal state of St. Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa
admitted the Czech rulers inherited the title of king, among the Czechs live mixed and
The German population, especially in cities that have attracted settlers
- XIII. century, in the age of dynastic conflict of the imperial crown with the Czech Moravian station
a fully independent kingdom with great economic power thanks to mining resources, particularly silver
- Otakar II. Přemyslid dynasty succeeded the Czech Connect Austria and Styria, and Carniola
Carinthia, he had a desire to become the new German emperor, however most German
nobles abetted the Rudolf Habsburg (from hitherto insignificant family, just because
him and abetted, the car would be weak and would only formally ruled)
- 1278 battle of the Moravian field ended Rudolph's victory and Otokarovom
the deaths, the consequences: House of Habsburg first obtained the imperial crown, and Austria with
Slovenian provinces of Carniola, Styria and Carinthia station Habsburg
hereditary possession of the home country, the Habsburgs will slowly spread influence, less
wars, and more ţenidbenom policy
- King of Bohemia, as the most powerful ruler in the kingdom, also has the status of Prince-Elector
- Charles IV. Luxembourg (1347-78), the Czech king and German emperor, in his day Czech Republic experiencing an economic boom, Prague is the capital of the Empire and the second largest
European city (the first was in Paris), in 1348 founded the University of Prague
- Ţigmund Luxembourg (1410-37), King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatian and svetorimski car,
war against hussites
- Hussite Wars (1415-31): a religious conflict between Catholics and followers of Jan Hus, but also
Political conflict between ethnic German and Czech nobility, Jan Hus, rector
Prague universities, demanded reforms in the Church (the abolition of indulgences, returning
humble life among priests, bogosluţje the national language), despite
Ţigmundovim guarantees, at the Council of Constance in 1415 years, where he was supposed izloţiti
their learning, the Inquisition was closed and gave burned, that was the reason Husitské
wars, husiti refused all walks imperial-papal power, in 1431 signed the peace
- 1490 under Vladislav II. Jagiellonian in personal union are assembled Poland,
Lithuania, Czech Republic, Hungary and Croatia (Jagiellons the dynasty of Lithuanian origin, late
XIV. st. created the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)
- 1527, after the extinction of the Jagiellonian, Czech Republic, together with Hungary and Croatian, enters over the Habsburg dynasty into a union with Austria, Habsburg rule
will last until the end of the First World War

Italy

Italy
- Divided into several city-states which formally recognize the supremacy of the Holy
Roman Empire, there are more and Papal State, the Republic of Venice (Venice) and
Kingdom of the Two Sicily (Sicily and Naples)
- In the XIII. first century disappears government of German emperor, and then weakens the impact of the Pope, it
conducive to the rise of the Italian city's aristocracy
- Condottieri - leaders of mercenary armies in the service of Italian cities, often imposed
as the true masters in those same cities
- Rivalry of Venice and Genoa for the control of Mediterranean trade
- Florence - XIII. st. richest city and banking center, in the XV. century power will
in the hands of the Medici family
- Sicilian Kingdom - in the XI. st. rule over the Normans, then, in the XII. and XIII. st,
German emperors, but Anţuvinci and, since 1282 the Aragonese

Reconquista in Spain

Reconquista in Spain
- Reconquista: Christian re-conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
- Reconquista particular progress in the XI. century warrior nicknamed El Cid, who distinguished himself in more battles will become a Spanish national legend
- To XIII. century formed the Three Kingdoms: Portugal, Castile (the name comes from
castellum, fortifications, the middle part of the peninsula) and Aragon (the eastern part of the peninsula)
- 1469 Aragon and Castile are united in one kingdom as a result of marriage
between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile (Catholic) - the emergence of Spain
- Princely couple relies on cities to suppress the influence of the nobility, and then
Self-limiting those same cities, the most important ally of the royal couple is
The Church and the Inquisition, which has enormous powers
- Persecution of heretics and violent conversion of the Moors and Jews
- 1492 fall of the last Moorish stronghold Granada, mass persecution of Spanish
Jews and Columbus's discovery of America

Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)

Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
- Initiates a conflict of England and France around the cities of Flanders
- War has had several stages and led with varying success
- The first phase of the war ended in a truce in 1360. However, after the Black Death exhausted both country, the English were able to seize the strongholds along the channel and the province of Aquitaine
- In the second stage (1369-89) the French King Charles V set out to take revenge on the British and
pushed them into a few strongholds along the English Channel
- 1415. Henry V of Lancaster landed and inflicted heavy defeat of the French at Agincourt, and then spread all over the north of France to Paris
- 1429, when it seemed that the French final defeat inevitable, appeared charismatic girl Ivana Arc (Jeane d'Arc) that motivated the French and
there was a reversal in the siege of Orleans, 1431 BurgunĊani caught and handed over to John's
British, they is executed as a witch
- 1436 French exempted Paris, 1450 Normandy, Aquitaine 1453
- Hundred Years' War introduced a new technique of warfare, strong side Englishmen were the scorers with long bows, a French cannon, some historians argue that then appears and
the idea of ​​the nation and the national state
- The final defeat of the English in France contributed to the war of roses (1455-85) civil war
between dynasties York (white roses) and Lancaster (red roses), the war was over the arrival
to the throne of Henry VII. the new Tudor dynasty (he himself was Rocak Lancaster, or
he married Elizabeth of York home), Tudor England to rule arbitrarily and
independent of Parliament
- And in France and in England, in the midst of the Hundred Years War, broke out the great revolt of peasants,
"Ţakerija" (1358 years, Jacques has derogatory term for peasants) and the uprising Wat Tyler
(1381)

inquisition

inquisition
- Sanctum Officium, Council Unit, established in XIII. century with the aim of discovering heretics
and non-believers, church investigators (inquisitors) questioned the suspects and, if satisfied
their guilt, submit them to secular authorities to punish them
- The culprits who repented could be absolved of sin and pardoned, but in time
increased persecution of witches and wizards were mainly to punish burning
- The Spanish Inquisition in the fifteenth. Century is a special support of the royal authority,
it was the Moors and Jews forced into conversion, and the kings opposed to loyalty
- Targeted by the Inquisition found themselves: heretics of all sects, scholars who reviewed
dogma, Spanish Jews and Moors, followers of survivors pagan cults, as well as all
people who are clearly from the social average and were declared sorcerers, later
Protestants and some philosophers and scientists

Heresy

Heresy (heresy)
- Every Christian belief or doctrine, which differs from church dogma
- XII. century appeared heretical movement organized by the Church suppressing force
- Reasons: because of the growing contradiction between the doctrine that the Church practices and procedures
Church officials there are apostates who demand a return to the original Christ lesson
- All heretics is common criticism luxurious life of the clergy and the Pope, social inequalities which the Church approved, hypocrisy, especially in the case of indulgences, rigidity and dogma obscurity, the monopoly on knowledge and education, prohibition the translation of the Scriptures in the People's languages ​​and so on.
- Qatar: Qatar in Greek means "pure", linking Manichean doctrine of two
worlds, spiritual and material, and the two gods, good and evil, with
Christianity, it is extremely austere doctrine that preaches methods to win
good principles to every individual and aversion to all institutions of government,
Qatar-dualistic heresy originated under Persian influence in the east
provinces of the Byzantine Empire, then in X and XI. Century came to the Balkans, where
followers called bogomils to the end of the XI. to XIII. century katarstvo
spread throughout Western Europe, in Germany and called heretics Ketzer, in
Italy Patara, in the south of France Albigensians, the city of Albi, katarstvo mass attracts
the poor and spread along trade routes, in Provence are Albigensians had even
support part of the nobility, but Pope Innocent III. beginning of XIII. century started
against them crusaders war, an independent Bosnian Church was also under a lot
Qatar influence learning
- Waldensers: supporters of Lyons dealer Valda, preachers poverty
- The forerunner of the Reformation: John Wycliffe in England and Jan Hus in the Czech

Black Death (1347-51)

Black Death (1347-51)
- Great epidemic of bubonic plague that is mowed between one third and one half
the population of the then Europe (mortality of patients is about 75%)
- The infection was transmitted rat fleas, and epidemic had come from Central Asia, was first
observed in Constantinople and Italian cities, the spread favored poor
hygienic conditions, especially for the summer months
- Others are spared cities that have introduced quarantine, and some remote areas
- After the first wave 1347-51, epidemics have become periodic, however, mortality
decreased as a result of natural selection, only to those with strong immune systems survived and had
descendants
- Black Death a terrible hit economy and society, especially in France and
England, who are in the midst of the Hundred Years War, however, in some areas
labor shortages caused by an increase in wages and slightly better standard of peasants in
next generation

European society in developed and late Middle Ages

European society in developed and late Middle Ages
economic development
- Around 1000. However, contrary to expectations the Day of Judgment, Europe is experiencing economic rise and population growth
- Has improved the processing country (rotational farming, the iron plow, fertilization, from XII.
century, the emergence of new cultures from the East), which enables the production of surplus food:
more food - higher population growth
- Internal colonization in many countries cramps forests and wetlands to dry up
obtain more arable land, this is where the new settlements
- External colonization: the surplus population seeking new land outside the home country,
Germans, but also other nations, mass moving eastward along the Baltic Sea, to Poland,
Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, crusaders hikes also are an example of external colonization
- Due kriţarskih wars, develop and all crafts
- Natural economy gradually replaced monetary, rulers forged money, because of the appearance
production surplus quickens trade, local and international
- The emergence of new cities along the trade routes and the fairgrounds and with aristocratic palaces and Bishop's seat, renewal and growth of old cities from ancient times, in the cities
pouring craftsmen and traders who want rid of serfdom
- Free royal cities: cities that have their own self-government, independent of the
nearby nobility and subordinated directly to the king, the royal gifted by such legal status
because of them reap good tax revenue, and they represent an important and politically support the
compared to unreliable banners
- Inhabitants of cities have personal freedom, but vary by property and Political Rights - patricians and plebeians
- The most important cities in Italy, Rhineland, Champagne, Flanders, the port of the North and Baltic
sea
- Guild - the association of craftsmen of the same profession in one city, each guild has rules for everyone members must comply (price, product quality, etc.), but no one outside of the guild do not
must deal with the respective turnover in the city, the oldest and most important guilds were they
"Freemasons"
- Guild - similar professional association of retailers
- Great Hansa - Union of German cities, in XIV. century there were 90, Hanza is
had a monopoly of trade in the Baltic and its own army and navy, collapsed
After moving the shop to the Atlantic Ocean in the XV. century
- Banking - develops as a result of three phenomena: there are hundreds of local currency and the need to organize exchange offices with each market and fairground, roads are unsafe because
bandits, it is necessary to introduce a bill (confirmation of money deposited), finished
money is never enough, so the rulers should financiers who will lend
money
- Borrowing money most were concerned with Jews because their faith is not forbade
charging interest, but on lending were later odvaţile and Christian banking
families like the Medici and Fugger, a bill first introduced the Knights Templar, who
also posuĊivali money
- Taxes are generally converted into cash the tribute, aristocratic titles and knees,
begins is determined on the value of the income which returns

Mongolia

Mongolia
Mongolia steppe country in northern Asia populated nomadic herdsmen
- Around 1206. chieftain Temujin unites the Mongol and Turkish tribes in the great alliance
- In 1215 the Mongols conquered China, creating a large state with a center in Beijing, Temujin becomes large kan Genghis Khan
- Until 1220, the Mongols in the west spread to the Black Sea and the Indian Ocean
- 1227 dies Genghis Khan and his great empire was divided into four Khanate
- Kanata: Ulus Grand Canal (China), Džagataj (Turkestan), Il-Khan (former Abbasid
Caliphate in Persia and Mesopotamia), the Golden Horde (today Russia)
- Mongols are progressing as big invincible cavalry, though brutal as warriors and
conquistadors, after winning some ground let locals to live by the old ways and the only thing you need is a regular payment of tribute
- 1240-43. Batu Khan with his Tartars plunder the Eastern Europe, from the Baltic to
Adriatic sea
- Mongol rule in Asia will bring two centuries of peace, culture and living proţimanja
trade relations between West and East, European merchants and missionaries go to
China (Franciscans, Marco Polo)
- Mongols were tolerant of all religions, however, in the XIV. century, most of them are
converted to Islam (except in the Mongolia, where Buddhism will prevail)
- In the XIV. century, China renewed independence under the Ming dynasty, and the Middle East
there is a new force - the Ottoman Turks, the Mongolian Kanata weak
- Timur Lenk, ruthless conqueror who from 1380 to 1405 temporarily restores single
Empire, the capital of Samarkand, the state is falling apart after his death
- Mughal Empire: the Indian subcontinent under the rule of Muslim dynasties
Mongol origin (Mongols conquered Delhi in 1398 and beyond Empire in the XVI. and XVII.
century Mughal state abolished the only Brits 1857).

Later crusaders hikes and The consequences of the Crusades

Later crusades in XIII. Century was conducted four march with very small
successes, the German Emperor Frederick II. Hohenstaufen twice invaded Egypt and briefly
took Jerusalem, the French King Louis IX. Holy once attacked Egypt and Tunisia one, and there is a so-called. Children's Crusade, which is a crusade in name only, superstitious idea that Jerusalem can win only sinless children took in slavery or death of thousands of children, called crusade and campaign against the Cathars (Albigensians), heretics in southern France
1291 Mamluks (Turkish dynasty which ruled Egypt) conquered Acre, the last
Crusader stronghold in the Middle East
The consequences of the Crusades:
- Europeans are familiar cultural achievements of the East (philosophy, mathematics and medicine),
new crops (rice, spinach, lemon, watermelon), new processing techniques
textiles and metals and exotic spices
- Accelerated economic development of Western Europe
- Mediterranean trade take Venetians and Genoese
- Crusade idea has led and justified the later colonial conquest of the New World,
Africa and the Far East

The fourth crusaders war (1202-04)

The fourth crusaders war (1202-04): Crusaders have not reached the Holy Land, their transport to
Constantinople should have to spend the Venetian fleet, but as a fee for this service in 1202, by the way the City of Zadar and handed him over to the Venetians, in 1204 the Crusaders shield in Istanbul, where part in Throne fighting on the side of Angel dynasty, when the emperor Isaac Angel could
pay promised fees, the Crusaders robbery Constantinople and there formed a new Member - Latin
Empire (the seat of the Byzantine Emperor will turn to the draws to 1261. However, when the Greeks
exempted Istanbul)

Third crusaders war (1187-1192)

Third crusaders war (1187-1192): Egypt and parts of Syria and Mesopotamia are united
by Sultan Saladin, Saladin attacked Cru country since individual crusaders
commanders violated the ceasefire, they inflicted heavy defeat and captured Jerusalem, 1189. in
Holy Land moving three large European army, the French, led by Philip II. Augustus,
Germany led by Frederick Barbarossa and the English, led by Richard the Lionheart,
their success is limited, Kingdom of Jerusalem survived as a chain of towns along
Mediterranean coast based in Accra (Akon)

Other crusaders war (1145-48)

Other crusaders war (1145-48): after the fall of Edessa, the German Emperor Conrad III. and French King Louis VII. Protects the help of Kingdom of Jerusalem, tried to take the city
Damascus, but after the failure is withdrawing from the Holy Land

The first crusaders war (1095-99)

The first crusaders war (1095-99)

The first crusaders war (1095-99): the best response was in France, but the French
noble armies by joining the all interested parties, the Crusaders are mainly traveled
mainland by the way looting and Catholic and Orthodox country, the first army of
poorly armed peasants Byzantines 1096. transported to Asia Minor where the Seljuks
quickly destroyed, 1097. god. received the bulk of the crusader forces to Constantinople and there lay
vassal oath to the emperor Alexios (since it will break, Byzantium no longer willing to help the Crusaders in subsequent visits), in 1099 the Crusaders conquered parts of Syria and Palestine, and finally Jerusalem (while he conducted a mass slaughter of its citizens), established the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the head by Godfrey of Bouillon and three vassal crusader states (Antioch, Tripoli and Edessa), in the Cru country coming European colonists, and some
indigenous people converted to Catholicism (the religious composition of the population is diverse, mostly Muslims, there are also Jews and Orthodox and Armenian Christians, while Roman Catholics in

minority)

The Crusades

The Crusades

Crusaders wars (from the end of the XI. By the end of the XIII. Century): the first mass colonizing venture Europeans
The main reason: due to the rapid development of the European economy in the XI. century Western Europe become overcrowded - the excess population from all walks looked for the country and a better life in the East

The reason: in the second half of the XI. century Turkish people Seldţuka won Jerusalem and part
Byzantine possessions in the Middle East, in contrast to the Arab rulers, not Seldţuci
allow free access to Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem, the Byzantine emperor
Alexios Komnenos addressed the Pope for help, offering the church West Union if it
help to return the possessions that he won Seljuks
1095 the Church Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II. urged all Western Christians on
liberation of the Holy Land and promised them massively forgiveness of sins
Interests and initiatives:

- Lower nobility, especially landless knights, they saw in it an opportunity to reach
own article in the East
- Lords are also becoming interested in new lands after the success of first crusade
war
- Peasants flocking to war to liberate kmetskog situation and poverty
- Cities in Italy, such as Venice and Genoa, want to make a trade monopoly on
eastern Mediterranean
- Church, ie. Pope, intends to achieve dominance over the entire Christian world and convert Muslim population
- Crusaders believed that waging a just war in the name of Christ and that all of their misdeeds
committed in these campaigns will be forgiven
- Hikes are promising and rich spoils of war, after the war, I spread the legend of the inexhaustible
Resource East

Samuilovo Empire, Duklja and Raska

Samuilovo Empire: the end of the tenth century in Macedonia kicks the successful uprising against
Byzantium at the head of the local nobles Samuil, Samuel expanded his country
the entire former territory of Simeon of Bulgaria, however, took the title of Tsar (hence
contemporary dispute over whether Samuel only one to Bulgarian emperors or the first ruler
Slavic country of Macedonia), 1014. Samuel army is experiencing a catastrophic defeat on Belasica, restoration of Byzantine rule over the Balkans under Emperor Basil II.

Duklja: Slavic Principality on the territory of Montenegro, local chiefs recognized the supremacy of the Bulgarians and Byzantines to XI. century, Prince Mihajlo completely freed
Byzantium and expanded his country to neighboring areas (parts of present-day Serbia and Bosnia), 1077. Pope had confessed royal title, Duklja was under the influence of Rome
Church (Archdiocese), and Orthodoxy there will prevail only in the reign Serbian dynasty Nemanjic, Duklja will later consider more and Zeta (the river)

Raska area around the city Race (today's Sandzak), there are settled Serbian tribes,
Raska has alternately been under the suzerainty of Byzantium, Bulgarians and Duklja, and only in December. century, the mayor of Raska Stefan Nemanja became independent and expands on the Member and Pomoravlje Zeta (since increasingly called Serbia), the rise of Serbia will follow in XIII. and XIV. century